Great Britain cosmetic ingredient regulations
GB rules must be versioned separately from EU rules as they diverge.
- Regulator
- Office for Product Safety and Standards
- Source language
- English
- Coverage version
- GB retained Regulation 1223/2009 schedules, effective 15 August 2026
What this list is
Great Britain carried EU Regulation 1223/2009 onto its own statute book after Brexit and has amended it separately ever since. The two lists started identical and no longer are, which is why a GB check cannot be answered from an EU one.
- 2,329 GB records: 1,758 prohibited, 326 restricted, 245 on a positive list.
- The regulator is the Office for Product Safety and Standards, not the European Commission.
- GB and EU annexes are amended by different bodies on different dates, so they drift apart substance by substance.
- A substance absent from the GB list is not thereby permitted — absence is absence of a record, not a decision.
The Cosmetic Products Enforcement Regulations 2013 kept Regulation 1223/2009 in force in Great Britain after EU exit, so the structure a formulator already knows — Annex II for prohibited substances, Annex III for restricted ones, Annexes IV to VI for colourants, preservatives and UV filters — is the same here. What changed is who amends it. The Office for Product Safety and Standards now does that for Great Britain, and the European Commission does it for the EU, on their own timetables.
That divergence is the practical point of this page. When the Commission adds a substance to Annex II, Great Britain does not follow automatically. The reverse holds too. Two lists that began as one copy now differ entry by entry, and the gap widens with each amendment cycle, so a compliance answer for one market is not evidence for the other even when the substance and the wording look identical.
Northern Ireland is not covered here. Under the Windsor Framework it continues to apply the EU regulation, so a product placed on the market across the whole United Kingdom is answering to two rulebooks at once. Check the EU records for that half.
The 2,329 records below carry the status the GB source gives them and nothing more. Where a record is marked restricted, the concentration limit, product-type condition and warning text come from the source as written; where a substance has no record at all, that means no GB entry was resolved here, not that its use has been considered and allowed.
Checked against
Official ingredient records
2329 matching records2-Methyl-1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-morpholino-propan 1-one
CAS 71868-10-5 · EC 400-600-6
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1592 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methyl-1-Naphthol
CAS 7469-77-4 · EC 231-265-2
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex III.
Conditions: Hair dye substance in oxidative hair dye products · After mixing under oxidative conditions the maximum concentration applied to hair must not exceed 2,0% (When both 2-Methyl-1-Naphthol and 1-Acetoxy-2-Methylnaphthalene are present in a hair dye formulation, the maximum concentration on the head of 2-Methyl-1-Naphthol should not exceed 2,0%.) · To be printed on the label: The mixing ratio. Read and follow instructions. This product is not intended for use on persons under the age of 16. Temporary “ black henna ” tattoos may increase your risk of allergy. Do not colour your hair if: you have a rash on your face or sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp, you have ever experienced any reaction after colouring your hair, you have experienced a reaction to a temporary “ black henna ” tattoo in the past. Hair colorants can cause severe allergic reactions.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, entry 213 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methyl-5-Hydroxyethyl Aminophenol
CAS 55302-96-0 · EC 259-583-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex III.
Conditions: (a) Hair dye substance in oxidative hair dye products · For (a) and (b): After mixing under oxidative conditions the maximum concentration applied to hair or eyelashes must not exceed 1,5% Do not use with nitrosating agents Maximum nitrosamine content: 50 μg /kg Keep in nitrite-free containers · (a) To be printed on the label: The mixing ratio. Read and follow instructions. This product is not intended for use on persons under the age of 16. Temporary “ black henna ” tattoos may increase your risk of allergy. Do not colour your hair if: you have a rash on your face or sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp, you have ever experienced any reaction after colouring your hair, you have experienced a reaction to a temporary “ black henna ” tattoo in the past. Hair colorants can cause severe allergic reactions.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, entry 229 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methyl-m-phenylene diisocyanate (Toluene 2,6-diisocyanate)
CAS 91-08-7 · EC 202-039-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1118 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methyl-m-phenylenediamine (Toluene-2,6-diamine)
CAS 823-40-5 · EC 212-513-9
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 413 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methylaziridine
CAS 75-55-8 · EC 200-878-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 730 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methylheptylamine and its salts
CAS 540-43-2
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 227 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Methylresorcinol
CAS 608-25-3 · EC 210-155-8
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex III.
Conditions: (a) Hair dye substance in oxidative hair dye products · (a) After mixing under oxidative conditions the maximum concentration applied to hair must not exceed 1,8% · (a) To be printed on the label: The mixing ratio. Read and follow instructions. This product is not intended for use on persons under the age of 16. Temporary “ black henna ” tattoos may increase your risk of allergy. Do not colour your hair if: you have a rash on your face or sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp, you have ever experienced any reaction after colouring your hair, you have experienced a reaction to a temporary “ black h.enna ” tattoo in the past. Hair colourants can cause severe allergic reactions. (c) As from 3 March 2018 , to be printed on the label: The mixing ratio. This product can cause severe allergic reactions. Read and follow instructions. This product is not intended for use on persons under the age of 16. Temporary “ black henna ” tattoos may increase the risk of allergy. Eyelashes shall not be coloured if the consumer: has a rash on the face or sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp, has experienced any reaction after colouring hair or eyelashes, has experienced a reaction to a temporary “ black henna ” tattoo in the past. For professional use only. Rinse eyes immediately if product comes into contact with them .
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, entry 243 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 7,7'-(carbonyldiimino)bis(4-hydroxy-3-[[2-sulfo-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]-, and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 2610-10-8; 25188-41-4 · EC 220-027-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1270 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 7-(benzoylamino)-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]-, and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 2610-11-9 · EC 220-028-9
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1267 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Naphthol
CAS 135-19-3 · EC 205-182-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 241 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitro-5-Glyceryl Methylaniline
CAS 80062-31-3 · EC 279-383-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex III.
Conditions: (a) Hair dye substance in oxidative hair dye products · (a) After mixing under oxidative conditions the maximum concentration applied to hair must not exceed 0,8% · (a) To be printed on the label: The mixing ratio. Read and follow instructions. This product is not intended for use on persons under the age of 16. Temporary “ black henna ” tattoos may increase your risk of allergy. Do not colour your hair if: you have a rash on your face or sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp, you have ever experienced any reaction after colouring your hair, you have experienced a reaction to a temporary “ black henna ” tattoo in the past. Hair colorants can cause severe allergic reactions.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, entry 281 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitro-N-hydroxyethyl-p-anisidine and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 57524-53-5
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1287 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 5307-14-2; 18266-52-9 · EC 226-164-5; 242-144-9
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1319 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitroanisole
CAS 91-23-6 · EC 202-052-1
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 685 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitronaphthalene
CAS 581-89-5 · EC 209-474-5
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 689 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitropropane
CAS 79-46-9 · EC 201-209-1
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 683 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Nitrotoluene
CAS 88-72-2 · EC 201-853-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1165 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Pentylidenecyclohexanone, when used as a fragrance ingredient
CAS 25677-40-1 · EC 247-178-8
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 448 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-Phenylindan-1,3-dione (phenindione (INN))
CAS 83-12-5 · EC 201-454-4
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 271 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-Amino-2-nitrophenyl)-amino]-benzoic acidwhen used as a substance in hair and eyelash dye products
CAS 117907-43-4 · EC 411-260-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1644 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-Chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutyramide
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Conditions: Not to be used in products applied on mucous membranes
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 5 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-Chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide (Pigment Yellow 73) and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 13515-40-7 · EC 236-852-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1262 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-oxo-N-(o-tolyl)butyramide
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Conditions: Rinse-off products
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 6 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-Methyl-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-oxo-N-phenylbutyramide
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Conditions: Not to be used in products applied on mucous membranes
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 4 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)amino]ethanol (HC Yellow No. 12) and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 59320-13-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1325 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[2(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-phenylacetyl]indane-1,3-dione (chlorophacinone-ISO)
CAS 3691-35-8 · EC 223-003-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 93 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[2-Hydroxy-3-(2-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl-1-naphthylazo]-7-[2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylphenyl)carbamoyl-1-naphthylazo]fluoren-9-one
EC 420-580-2
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1156 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-[4-Methoxybenzyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino]ethyldimethylamine maleate (Mepyramine maleate; pyrilamine maleate)
CAS 59-33-6 · EC 200-422-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 346 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxoallyl)oxy]methyl]-1,3- propanediyldiacrylate; 2,2- bis(acryloyloxymethyl)butyl acrylate; trimethylolpropane triacrylate
CAS 15625-89-5 · EC 239-701-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1712 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-methoxy-4-nitrophenol (4-Nitroguaiacol) and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 3251-56-7 · EC 221-839-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1251 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-methoxyethyl acrylate
CAS 3121-61-7 · EC 221-499-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1668 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-methylimidazole
CAS 693-98-1 · EC 211-765-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1655 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2-{]4-(2-Ammoniopropylamino)-6-[}4-hydroxy-3-(5-methyl-2-methoxy-4-sulfamoylphenylazo)-2-sulfonatonaphth-7-ylamino{]-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino[}-2-aminopropyl formate
EC 424-260-3
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1194 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2050-34-2 / 547-57-9 (Na)
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1330 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
21784-78-1 [1]
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1442 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2321-07-5 / 518-47-8 (Na)
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1332 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
25154-52-3 [1]
EC 246-672-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1168 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
25637-99-4 [1]
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1546 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
27757-79-5 / 6371-76-2 (Ca)
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1331 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
2835-98-5
EC 220-620-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1643 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
29H,31H-Phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32 copper
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 105 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
29H,31H-Phthalocyanine
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Conditions: Rinse-off products
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 104 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3',6'-Dihydroxy-4',5'-dinitrospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthene]-3-one
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex IV.
Conditions: 1%, when used in lip products · Only in free acid form, when used in lip products
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex IV, entry 77 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3'-Ethyl-5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5',5',8',8'-tetramethyl-2'-acetonaphthone or 7-acetyl-6-ethyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtalen (AETT; Versalide)
CAS 88-29-9 · EC 201-817-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 362 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3(or5)-((4-(Benzylmethylamino)phenyl)azo)-1,2-(or1,4)-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazolium and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 89959-98-8; 12221-69-1 · EC 289-660-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1259 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3(or5)-[[4-[(7-amino-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl)azo]-1-naphthyl]azo]salicylic acid and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 3442-21-5; 34977-63-4 · EC 222-351-0; 252-305-5
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1266 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3,3'-(Sulfonylbis(2-nitro-4,1-phenylene)imino)bis(6-(phenylamino)) benzenesulfonic acid and its salts, when used as a substance in hair dye products
CAS 6373-79-1 · EC 228-922-0
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1258 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl 4,4'-diyl diisocyanate
CAS 91-97-4 · EC 202-112-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 1742 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide (Phenolphthalein (INN))
CAS 77-09-8 · EC 201-004-7
The consolidated GB Cosmetics Regulation lists this record in Annex II.
Source:GB Cosmetics Regulation, Annex II, entry 417 · version 2026-08-15 · effective Aug. 15, 2026 · source checked 2026-08-30
Market coverage contract
Complete consolidated annex dataset- Included scope
- Current consolidated Annexes II–VI for England, Scotland and Wales.
- If no match is found
- No annex match is not approval and does not cover Northern Ireland, which follows the applicable EU framework.
Complete verification checklist
- Confirm INCI/CAS/EC identity.
- Review every current GB Annex II–VI match.
- Check commencement dates and later statutory instruments.
- Verify SCPN, responsible-person, safety-report and labelling duties.
How Great Britain differs from other markets
Comparing this market's imported rules against every other market's for the same substance. A market with no imported rule for a substance is left out of that comparison rather than treated as permitting it.
A formula cleared elsewhere can fail here.
Permitted here under conditions and prohibited, or more tightly held, elsewhere — so a formula built for this market may not travel.
and 98 more — see the full comparison
Official sources and legal role
Great Britain Cosmetics Regulation — consolidated Annexes II–VI and amendments
Complete consolidated GB Annexes II–VI, with later amendments versioned separately
Legal meaning: Binding GB schedules and versioned amendments to retained Regulation 1223/2009; applies to England, Wales and Scotland, not Northern Ireland
Available language: English
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
What this market page can answer
Source and authority
Identify the official material and the regulator responsible for it: Office for Product Safety and Standards.
Language and scope
See whether usable English or bilingual material exists and what the mapped source actually covers. Current source language: English.
Evidence status
Browse ingredient-level records imported from official sources. Each row states whether it passed deterministic source checks or human editorial review.
How to verify an ingredient for this market
- Search the ingredient by INCI name, CAS number or EC number and record the exact identity.
- Open each official source above and check the current version, product scope, concentration limits and required warnings.
- Confirm effective dates and whether an English text is official, reviewed or only contextual.
- Treat a missing local match as unknown, never as permission or a safety conclusion.