Canada cosmetic ingredient regulations

Methacrylic acid

Canada Hotlist: Methacrylic acid

CAS 79-41-4 · EC 201-204-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Cosmetics that contain more than 5% methacrylic acid | b) Other cosmetics · Warnings: a) "This product contains methacrylic acid, is poisonous, is to be kept out of reach of children" and, "In the case of accidental ingestion, a Poison Control Centre or physician is to be contacted immediately."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 52 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methoxyisopropanol

Canada Hotlist: Methoxyisopropanol

CAS 107-98-2 · EC 203-539-1

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Propylene glycol monomethyl ether · Maximum concentration: 0.5% of 2-methoxypropanol (1589-47-5)

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 53 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methoxyisopropyl acetate

Canada Hotlist: Methoxyisopropyl acetate

CAS 108-65-6; 84540-57-8 · EC 203-603-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate. · Maximum concentration: 0.5% total of 2-methoxypropanol (1589-47-5) and/or 2-methoxypropyl-1-acetate (70657-70-4)

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 54 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methyl N-methyl anthranilate

Canada Hotlist: Methyl N-methyl anthranilate

CAS 85-91-6

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Maximum concentration: 0.1%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 57 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methyl alcohol

Canada Hotlist: Methyl alcohol

CAS 67-56-1 · EC 200-659-6

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Methanol | Cosmetics containing an amount of methyl alcohol equal to or greater than 5 ml must be packaged in a child-resistant container. Containers, that contain an amount of methyl alcohol equal or greater than 5 mL must meet the requirements set out in subsection 28.2 of the Cosmetic Regulations.

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 55 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methyl eugenol

Canada Hotlist: Methyl eugenol

CAS 93-15-2 · EC 202-223-0

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Permitted as a naturally occurring component in botanical extracts. | a) Fine fragrances | b) Eau de toilette | c) In a fragrance cream | d) Other leave-on products and in oral hygiene products | e) Rinse-off products · Maximum concentration: a) 0.01% | b) 0.004% | c) 0.002% | d) 0.0002% | e) 0.001%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 56 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methyl salicylate

Canada Hotlist: Methyl salicylate

CAS 119-36-8 · EC 204-317-7

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Maximum concentration: 1%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 58 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methylene Glycol

Canada Hotlist: Methylene Glycol

CAS 463-57-0 · EC 207-339-5

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: See " Formaldehyde ".

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 60 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methylene chloride

Canada Hotlist: Methylene chloride

CAS 75-09-2 · EC 200-838-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Dichloromethane | Not permitted in aerosol products.

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 59 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methylisothiazolinone (MI)

Canada Hotlist: Methylisothiazolinone (MI)

CAS 2682-20-4 · EC 220-239-6

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Not permitted in leave-on products. · Maximum concentration: b) Rinse-off products Note: If MI is present in a formulation with Methylisothiazolinone / Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MI/MCI) in combination, the cumulative, total concentration of MI and MI/MCI may not exceed 0.0015%. · Warnings: b) 0.0015%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 61 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Methylisothiazolinone / Methylchloroisothiazolinone, in combination

Canada Hotlist: Methylisothiazolinone / Methylchloroisothiazolinone, in combination

CAS 26172-55-4; 2682-20-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Not permitted in leave-on products. · Maximum concentration: b) Rinse-off products Note: MCI is only permitted when present in combination with MI. If MI/MCI is present in a formulation with MI alone, the cumulative, total concentration of MI/MCI and MI may not exceed 0.0015%. · Warnings: b) 0.0015%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 62 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Peroxide and peroxide-generating compounds

Canada Hotlist: Peroxide and peroxide-generating compounds

CAS 124-43-6; 1305-79-9; 7722-84-1; 1335-26-8; 7632-04-4; 1314-22-3

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Urea peroxide; calcium peroxide; calcium dioxide; hydrogen peroxide; magnesium peroxide; sodium perborate; zinc peroxide | a) Not permitted for use in products intended for application to the genital area | b) Oral products containing peroxides or peroxide-generating compounds Manufacturers should have the following information on hand as it may be requested by Health Canada: A laboratory report providing pH of the product as applied to tooth or teeth. Section 13 of the Cosmetic Regulations requires that the pH is greater than or equal to 4.0 Product labelling indicating the directions of use and cautionary statements. If an oral cosmetic contains more than 3% hydrogen peroxide (or equivalent), notifiers must submit a clinical study to demonstrate the salivary peroxide levels do not exceed 3% during the use of the product as per the directions of use. Note: Be aware of the conversion factor between hydrogen peroxide and other peroxide-generating compounds. For example, 10% carbamide (urea) peroxide is approximately equivalent to 3% hydrogen peroxide | c) Products for use on eyelashes or eyebrows must be sold for professional use only | d) Hair products | e) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: c) 10% | d) 10% (as applied) · Warnings: b) "If irritation (such as redness, swelling, soreness) of the gums or the mouth occurs, discontinue use and consult an oral health professional" "Products containing peroxides are not recommended for use by children under 12 years of age" "Consult your oral health professional before prolonged use of this product" "Avoid swallowing the cosmetic or part thereof" "Avoid contact of the product with the eye" "Avoid direct contact of the active surface of the tooth whitening product with the gums and/or salivary flow" | c) "For professional use only" "Avoid contact with eyes and, in the event of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 65 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Pigment Red 4

Canada Hotlist: Pigment Red 4

CAS 2814-77-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Red 36; CI 12085 · Maximum concentration: 3%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 67 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Placental extracts

Canada Hotlist: Placental extracts

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: See " Human origin, substances of " and/or " Bovine tissues and ingredients ".

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 68 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Resorcinol

Canada Hotlist: Resorcinol

CAS 108-46-3 · EC 203-585-2

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Not permitted in cosmetics intended for use on the skin. Additionally see " Coal tar dye ."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 70 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Retinal

Canada Hotlist: Retinal

CAS 116-31-4 · EC 204-135-8

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Retinaldehyde | a) Leave-on products intended for full body application | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.01% | 0.05%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 71 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Retinol and its esters

Canada Hotlist: Retinol and its esters

CAS 68-26-8; 127-47-9; 79-81-2; 631-89-0; 7069-42-3

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Vitamin A; Retinyl acetate; Retinyl palmitate; Retinyl linoleate; Retinyl propionate | a) Leave-on products intended for full body application | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.2% total retinol equivalents | 1.0% total retinol equivalents

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 72 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Salicylic acid

Canada Hotlist: Salicylic acid

CAS 69-72-7 · EC 200-712-3

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Maximum concentration: 2%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 73 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Silver and its salts

Canada Hotlist: Silver and its salts

CAS 7440-22-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Colloidal Silver | a) Mouthwashes | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: a) 0.04% · Warnings: "This product contains silver and/or silver salts." "Avoid contact with broken or abraded skin."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 74 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Sodium borate

Canada Hotlist: Sodium borate

CAS 1303-96-4 · EC 215-540-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Borax; Sodium tetraborate | See " Boric acid and its salts ".

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 75 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Sodium perborate

Canada Hotlist: Sodium perborate

CAS 7632-04-4 · EC 239-172-9 / 231-556-4 / 234-390-0

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: See " Peroxide and peroxide-generating compounds " for oral products. See " Boric acid and its salts " for other cosmetics.

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 76 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Sodium picramate

Canada Hotlist: Sodium picramate

CAS 831-52-7 · EC 212-603-8

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Maximum concentration: 0.1%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 77 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Solvent Red 23

Canada Hotlist: Solvent Red 23

CAS 85-86-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: CI 26100; Red No. 225; Tetrazobenzene-beta-Naphthol; Sudan Red BK; 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)Phenyl]Azo]-; D&C Red no. 17; Red 17; Toney Red; Sudan III | a) Not permitted in cosmetics intended to be used on or around mucosal membranes such as eyes, mouth or nose. Additionally see " Coal tar dye ". | b) Hair dye product | c) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: b) "Do not use to dye eyelashes or eyebrows." "Do not use in or around the area of the eye, mouth or nose." | c) "Do not use in or around the area of the eye, mouth or nose."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 78 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Solvent Violet 13

Canada Hotlist: Solvent Violet 13

CAS 81-48-1

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: CI 60725; Violet 2 | a) Nail products | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.3%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 79 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Strontium and its salts, other than nitrite

Canada Hotlist: Strontium and its salts, other than nitrite

CAS 7440-24-6

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Not permitted in aerosol products. | b) Depilatory products | c) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: b) 3.5% strontium | c) 6.6% in salt, or 2.1% elemental strontium, whichever represents the smallest amount of strontium (depending on the salt).

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 80 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

TBHQ

Canada Hotlist: TBHQ

CAS 1948-33-0 · EC 217-752-2

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: t-butylhydroquinone · Maximum concentration: 0.1%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 83 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Tagetes oil and absolute

Canada Hotlist: Tagetes oil and absolute

CAS 8016-84-0

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Leave-on products | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: a) 0.01%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 81 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Talc

Canada Hotlist: Talc

CAS 14807-96-6 · EC 238-877-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Note: Certain products may fall under more than 1 product category and may have multiple applicable conditions Read entire entry to determine all applicable conditions | a) Not permitted in products intended solely for use in the genital area of those who have ovaries | b) Products that could come in contact with the genital area (for example, diapering products, body powder, bath products) | c) Products in loose powder form that may be used for diapering | d) Other products in loose powder form intended for use on the face or body | e) Other products in loose powder form (for example, dry shampoo, foot powder) | f) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: c) 51% | d) 77% · Warnings: b) "Do not use in the genital area of those who have ovaries" | c), d) and e) "Keep out of reach of children", "Keep powder away from child's face to avoid inhalation, which can cause breathing problems"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 82 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Thioglycolic acid and its salts

Canada Hotlist: Thioglycolic acid and its salts

CAS 68-11-1 · EC 200-677-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Eyelash curling products | b) Hair dyes, waving or straightening products | c) Hair dyes, waving or straightening products for professional use | d) Depilatory products · Maximum concentration: a) 11% (as thioglycolic acid) with a pH less than or equal to 9.5 | b) 8% (as thioglycolic acid) with a pH less than or equal to 9.5 | c) 11% (as thioglycolic acid) with a pH less than or equal to 9.5 | d) 5% (as thioglycolic acid) with a pH less than or equal to 12.7 · Warnings: a) "For professional use only.", "Avoid direct skin contact, wear suitable gloves.", "Avoid contact with eyes and, in the event of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention." | b)"Avoid direct skin contact, wear suitable gloves.", "Not for use in the area of the eye." | c) "For professional use only." "Avoid direct skin contact, wear suitable gloves.", "Not for use in the area of the eye." | d) "Avoid contact with eyes and, in the event of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 84 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Thiurams

Canada Hotlist: Thiurams

CAS 97-77-8; 137-26-8 · EC 205-286-2

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Disulfiram; Thiram | Latex products · Maximum concentration: 14%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 85 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Triclosan

Canada Hotlist: Triclosan

CAS 3380-34-5 · EC 222-182-2

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Mouthwashes | b) Other cosmetics | c) All oral products must meet the following conditions: Manufacturers must ensure that polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) impurities must not be present in quantities that exceed: 0,1 ng/g 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo- p -dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzofuran. 10 µg/g total other PCDD/PCDF impurities, with no individual impurity greater than 5 µg/g. Manufacturers must possess the following: Raw material specifications for triclosan; Identification of the method of analysis used to determine the levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in triclosan; Finished product specifications. · Maximum concentration: a) 0.03% | b) 0.3% · Warnings: a) "Avoid swallowing." "The product is not to be used by children under the age of 12." | c) "Avoid swallowing." "The product is not to be used by children under the age of 12."

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 86 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Urea

Canada Hotlist: Urea

CAS 57-13-6 · EC 200-315-5

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Cosmetics intended to be diluted in bath water | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: b) 10%

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 87 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Urea (carbamide) peroxide

Canada Hotlist: Urea (carbamide) peroxide

CAS 124-43-6 · EC 204-701-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: See " Peroxide and peroxide-generating compounds ".

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 88 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Zinc peroxide

Canada Hotlist: Zinc peroxide

CAS 1314-22-3 · EC 215-226-7

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: See " Peroxide and peroxide-generating compounds ".

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 89 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

Zirconium and its compounds

Canada Hotlist: Zirconium and its compounds

CAS 7440-67-7 · EC 231-176-9

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Not permitted in aerosol dispensers. | Permitted as aluminum zirconium complexes and as zirconium lakes, salts and pigments of colouring agents only. See also " Aluminum zirconium complexes ". | Table 2 notes Table 2 note 1 Cells in this column are left blank when the substance does not have a known CAS . Return to table 2 note 1 referrer Table 2 note 2 Cells in this column are left blank when no synonyms or related compounds are provided for the entry. Return to table 2 note 2 referrer Table 2 note 3 Cells in this column are left blank when no condition of use is specified and the restriction applies to all cosmetic products. Return to table 2 note 3 referrer Table 2 note 4 Cells in this column are left blank when no maximum concentration is specified. Return to table 2 note 4 referrer Table 2 note 5 Cells in this column are left blank when no warning or cautionary statements are specified. Return to table 2 note 5 referrer

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 90 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

m -Cresol

Canada Hotlist: m -Cresol

CAS 95-48-7; 108-39-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Not permitted in cosmetics intended to be used on or around mucosal membranes such as eyes, mouth or nose | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.1% · Warnings: "Do not use in the area of the eye, mouth or nose"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 51 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

o -Cresol

Canada Hotlist: o -Cresol

CAS 95-48-7; 108-39-4

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: a) Not permitted in cosmetics intended to be used on or around mucosal membranes such as eyes, mouth or nose | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.1% · Warnings: "Do not use in the area of the eye, mouth or nose"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 63 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

p -Chloro- m -cresol

Canada Hotlist: p -Chloro- m -cresol

CAS 59-50-7 · EC 200-431-6

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: Chlorocresol | a) Not permitted in cosmetics intended to be used on or around mucosal membranes such as eyes, mouth or nose | b) Other cosmetics · Maximum concentration: 0.1% · Warnings: "Do not use in the area of the eye, mouth or nose"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 64 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

p -Hydroxyanisole

Canada Hotlist: p -Hydroxyanisole

CAS 150-76-5 · EC 205-769-8

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: 4-Methoxyphenol | Permitted only in nail products. · Maximum concentration: 0.1% If hydroquinone and p-hydroxyanisole are used in the same product, the total concentration of the 2 ingredients may not exceed 0.1% · Warnings: "Avoid skin contact" "Read directions carefully before using"

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 66 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30

p -Phenylenediamine and its salts

Canada Hotlist: p -Phenylenediamine and its salts

CAS 106-50-3; 624-18-0; 16245-77-5

Health Canada lists this ingredient as restricted; the listed conditions and warnings apply.

Conditions: Synonyms or related compounds: p -Phenylenediamine HCL; p -Phenylenediamine sulfate | a) Not permitted in products intended for use on the skin. Additionally see " Coal tar dye ". | b) Oxidative hair dyes · Maximum concentration: b) 3% after dilution with an oxidizer · Warnings: b) On the inner label and the outer label of the cosmetic: "CAUTION: This product contains ingredients that may cause skin irritation on certain individuals and a preliminary test according to accompanying directions should first be made. This product must not be used for dying the eyelashes or eyebrows. To do so may cause blindness." Instructions to the following effect accompany each package of hair dye: the preparation may cause serious inflammation of the skin in some persons and a preliminary test should always be carried out to determine whether or not special sensitivity exists; and to make the test, a small area of skin behind the ear or on the inner surface of the forearm should be cleansed, using either soap and water or alcohol, and a small quantity of the hair dye as prepared for use should be applied to the area and allowed to dry. After 24 hours, the area should be washed gently with soap and water. If no irritation or inflammation is apparent, it is usually assumed that no hypersensitivity to the dye exists. The test should, however, be carried out before each application. On no account should the hair dye be used for dyeing eyebrows or eyelashes as severe inflammation of the eye or even blindness may result.

Source:Hotlist restricted entry 69 · version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13 · source checked 2026-08-30