ProhibitedOfficial guidanceCAOriginal is EnglishOfficial-source import checked

Ethylenediamine

Canada Hotlist: Ethylenediamine

Health Canada lists this ingredient as prohibited for use in cosmetic products.

Regulatory decision and full conditions

Status
Prohibited
Legal role
Official guidance
Regulatory summary
Health Canada lists this ingredient as prohibited for use in cosmetic products.
Conditions and restrictions
A prohibition entry may contain no separate condition text because the regulatory outcome is the prohibition itself. Open the cited source and apply the market-wide requirements below.

Substance identity

Official source name
Ethylenediamine
CAS
107-15-3
EC
203-468-6
Identity mapping
cas_number
Linked ingredient
ETHYLENEDIAMINE

Linked CosIng identity data

Names and aliases

ETHYLENEDIAMINE

CosIng description: 1,2-Diaminoethane,1,2-Ethanediamine

Recorded cosmetic function: NOT REPORTED

Function pages:NOT REPORTED

View the complete ingredient profile

Cross-market snapshot for this identity

Exact linked records currently present in this site. An absent market means no imported exact match, not permission to use the substance.

1 market dataset
PubChem 2D chemical structure for CAS 107-15-3
CAS 107-15-3PubChem CID 3301

Verified chemistry for CAS 107-15-3

Ethylenediamine

IUPAC name
ethane-1,2-diamine
Molecular formula
C2H8N2
Molecular weight
60.10 g/mol
Exact mass
60.068748264 Da
Monoisotopic mass
60.068748264 Da
XLogP3
-2.0
Topological polar surface area
52.0 Ų
Molecular complexity
6.0
Formal charge
0
Hydrogen-bond donors
2
Hydrogen-bond acceptors
2
Rotatable bonds
1
Heavy atoms
4
Covalent units
1

Names and synonyms reported to PubChem

1,2-Diaminoethane1,2-EthanediamineEthylene diamineEthylendiamineedamineDimethylenediamine1,2-EthylenediamineAethaldiamin
16 more reported names
AethylenediaminEthyleendiamineEthylene-diaminebeta-Aminoethylamine1,2-DiaminoaethanAlgicode 106LAmerstat 2741,2-Diamino-ethaan1,2-Diamino-ethanoNCI-C60402EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 00420560V9STC53FCHEBI:30347AI3-24231PB-05721Ethylenediamine (anhydrous)
External database identifiers
Advanced structure statistics
Defined atom stereocentres
0
Undefined atom stereocentres
0
Defined bond stereocentres
0
Undefined bond stereocentres
0
3D pharmacophore features
4
3D rings
0
3D hydrophobes
0
3D acceptor features
0
3D donor features
2
3D anionic centres
0
3D cationic centres
2
3D conformers
3
Effective 3D rotors
1.0
Machine-readable structure identifiers
SMILES
C(CN)N
InChI
InChI=1S/C2H8N2/c3-1-2-4/h1-4H2
InChIKey
PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Evidence from additional scientific databases

EMBL-EBI ChEBI
Exact identifier matchCHEBI:30347

ethylenediamine

An alkane-α,ω-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.

Formula
C2H8N2
Average mass
60.100 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass
60.06875 Da
Formal charge
0
  • alkane-α,ω-diamine — is a (CHEBI:35411)
  • GABA agonist — has role (CHEBI:51373)
  • antineoplastic agent — has role (CHEBI:35610)
  • ethane — has parent hydride (CHEBI:42266)
  • GABA agonist — has role (CHEBI:51373)
  • antineoplastic agent — has role (CHEBI:35610)
  • alkane-α,ω-diamine — is a (CHEBI:35411)
Additional curated names
ethane-1,2-diamine1,2-ethanediamineenethylenediamineEthylene diaminePB-05721PB05721
Cross-references from this source
  • CAS: 107-15-3 — NIST Chemistry WebBook
  • CAS: 107-15-3 — ChemIDplus
  • REGISTRY_NUMBER: 1098 — Gmelin
  • REGISTRY_NUMBER: 605263 — Reaxys
  • MANUAL_X_REF: CPD-3682 — MetaCyc
  • MANUAL_X_REF: D01114 — KEGG DRUG
  • MANUAL_X_REF: EDN — PDBeChem
  • MANUAL_X_REF: Ethylenediamine — Wikipedia
  • MANUAL_X_REF: HMDB0031225 — HMDB

Mapped by: Exact CAS cross-reference in the ChEBI compound record. Source updated: 2016-02-16. Retrieved: 2026-08-31. Open source record

NIH PubChem PUG-View
Exact identifier match3301

Attributed physical-property, hazard, environmental and use annotations.

  • First Aid: Signs and Symptoms of Acute Ethylenediamine Exposure: Acute exposure to ethylenediamine may result in cough, difficulty in breathing, irritation of the lungs, and pneumonia. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are often seen. Contact with ethylenediamine may result in redness, pain, irritation, and burns.; Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ethylenediamine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.; Inhalation Exposure:; 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethylenediamine.; 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.; 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local h Source: CAMEO Chemicals
  • ERG2024, Guide 132 (Ethylenediamine): General First Aid:; · Call 911 or emergency medical service.; · Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.; · Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.; · Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.; · If victim is not breathing:; -- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.; -- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).; -- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.; · Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.; · For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.; · In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.; · For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.; · Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, Source: Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  • First Aid: (General first aid procedures); Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.; Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.; Breathing: Respiratory support; Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. Source: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
  • Signal: Danger Source: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
  • GHS Hazard Statements: H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]; H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]; H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]; H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]; H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]; H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory] Source: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
  • Precautionary Statement Codes: P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) Source: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
  • Note: This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2078) of reports. Source: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
  • Signal: Danger Source: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
  • GHS Hazard Statements: H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]; H302+H332 (11.5%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]; H302 (99.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]; H311 (28.3%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]; H312 (73.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]; H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]; H317 (> 99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]; H318 (38.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]; H332 (27.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]; H334 (> 99.9%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]; H412 (49.6%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard] Source: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
  • Precautionary Statement Codes: P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) Source: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
  • ECHA C&L Notifications Summary: Aggregated GHS information provided per 2078 reports by companies from 35 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.; Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 2078 reports by companies.; There are 34 notifications provided by 2077 of 2078 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).; Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. Source: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
  • Signal: Danger Source: NITE-CMC
  • GHS Hazard Statements: H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]; H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]; H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]; H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]; H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]; H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]; H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]; H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]; H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]; H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]; H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]; H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]; H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard] Source: NITE-CMC
  • Precautionary Statement Codes: P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) Source: NITE-CMC
  • GHS Hazard Statements: H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]; H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]; H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]; H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]; H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]; H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]; H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]; H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]; H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure] Source: NITE-CMC
  • NFPA Health Rating: 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury. Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • NFPA Fire Rating: 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air. Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • NFPA Instability Rating: 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Environmental Bioconcentration: An estimated BCF of less than 1 was calculated for ethylenediamine(SRC), using a log Kow of -2.04(1)and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Environmental Fate: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 4766(2) indicates that ethylenediamine is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethylenediamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.73X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(3). The potential for volatilization of ethylenediamine from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 12.1 mm Hg(4). However, adsorption to soil may attenuate volatilization(SRC). Based on screening studies(5-7), biodegradation is expected to be the most important degradation process for this compound but no experimental rates in soil are available. Ethylenediamine may also form stable complexes with metal ions(8) in soil, but again, experimental data are lacking(SRC). Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Environmental Fate: AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 4766(2) indicates that ethylenediamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.73X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4). As ethylenediamine has two primary amine groups, at the pH range found in most environmental waters, it is expected to be partially protonated; the dissociated form will not volatilize. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of less than 1(SRC), from its log Kow(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Based on screening studies(8-10), biodegradation is expected to be the most important degradation process for this compound but no experimental rates in water are available. Complexation of ethylenediamine with transition metals(11) in the water or reaction with humic materials(12) is possible(SRC). Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Environmental Fate: ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylenediamine, which has a vapor pressure of 12.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase ethylenediamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.3x10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) using a structure estimation method(3). As ethylenediamine is miscible in water(4), washout by rain will also be an important removal process(SRC). Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Industry Uses: Chelating agent; Etching agent; Intermediate; Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable; Plating agent; CBI; Other; Solvent Source: EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
  • Sources/Uses: Used in the manufacture of chelating agents, fungicides, waxes, polyamide resins, and corrosion inhibitors. [ACGIH] Used as an emulsifier, an inhibitor in antifreeze solutions, and an additive to pharmaceuticals and textile lubricants; [Merck Index] Used in photography (color developing baths); [www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/medium.html] Source: Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
  • Industrial Processes with risk of exposure: Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]; Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]; Photographic Processing [Category: Other] Source: Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
  • Uses: For Ethylenediamine (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 004205) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./ Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Uses: Solvent for casein, albumin, shellac, and sulfur; emulsifier; stabilizing rubber latex; as inhibitor in antifreeze solutions; in textile lubricants; pharmaceutic aid (aminophylline injection stabilizer) Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Uses: In prepn of dyes, synthetic waxes, resins, insecticides and asphalt wetting agents Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Uses: Use in manuf of weed killers; use in manuf of surfactants, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, and textile surface treatments Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  • Uses: For more Uses (Complete) data for ETHYLENEDIAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Source: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

Mapped by: Existing checksum-valid CAS to unique PubChem CID match. Retrieved: 2026-08-31. Open source record

Scientific classifications and hazard annotations provide context and do not replace the market-specific regulatory decision shown above.

Additional source coverage and match status
SourceResultChecked
EMBL-EBI ChEBIExact match2026-08-31
NIH PubChem PUG-ViewExact match2026-08-31

A recorded no-match is useful evidence that the source was checked; it is not a claim that the substance does not exist elsewhere.

Retrieved from NIH PubChem on 2026-08-31 by checksum-valid CAS matching. Chemical properties do not replace the regulatory decision on this page.

Official source and provenance

Registered source
Health Canada Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist
Source reference
Hotlist prohibited entry 236
Source record ID
prohibited:236
Source version
Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13
Source language
English
Translation status
Original is English
Source updated
2025-08-13
Snapshot checked
2026-08-30 04:07 UTC
Validation method
strict HTML tables t1=490 and t2=90
SHA-256
8b52ff573d08373ee90121f6a701b3607e4a3d6fc748a7d56171eb53510af91a

Registered dataset notes

Dataset coverage
Administrative prohibitions, restrictions, conditions and warning requirements
Authority note
Official Health Canada compliance indicator; not a complete safety clearance

How this record fits the market dataset

580
current Canada records
490
records marked Prohibited
580
records from this source version
516
market records with CAS identity

Status distribution

Condition text is present on 172 of 580 current records. An empty condition field is interpreted according to the record type above; it is never converted into an unrestricted-use claim.

Canada market context

Complete Hotlist snapshot

Coverage version: Health Canada Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist, 13 August 2025

All prohibited and restricted Hotlist entries, including conditions and warning requirements published in the official list.

Verification checklist

  1. Search English/French names and CAS identifiers.
  2. Apply every restriction, concentration and label warning.
  3. Check Food and Drugs Act/Cosmetic Regulations requirements.
  4. Recheck the current Hotlist before notification or sale.

Official market sources

Verification workflow and record completeness

Before using this result in a compliance decision

  1. Confirm that “Ethylenediamine” and every CAS/EC identifier refer to the material in your supplier specification.
  2. Search English/French names and CAS identifiers.
  3. Apply every restriction, concentration and label warning.
  4. Check Food and Drugs Act/Cosmetic Regulations requirements.
  5. Recheck the current Hotlist before notification or sale.
  6. Document the source version and recheck the regulator before manufacture, notification or market placement.

Fields available in this record

  • Official substance nameAvailable
  • CASAvailable
  • ECAvailable
  • Separate condition textNot present in source row
  • Effective dateNot supplied
  • Snapshot hash and methodAvailable

Questions this page answers

This official record identifies the substance as prohibited for cosmetic use in the stated market scope. Do not rely on a formulation containing this identity until the cited source, effective date and exact substance match have been verified.

A prohibition entry may contain no separate condition text because the regulatory outcome is the prohibition itself. The Hotlist is an administrative compliance tool, not an exhaustive safety approval list.

The record cites Hotlist prohibited entry 236, source version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13. Open the official source.

No. CAS helps resolve identity, but jurisdictions can classify the same substance differently and can apply different product scopes, limits, warnings and transition dates.

Stable citation

Ethylenediamine. Hotlist prohibited entry 236. Canada. Source version Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13. CosIng Checker regulatory record: https://cosingchecker.com/regulations/ca/records/236/

Cite the regulator as the legal authority. This page is a structured evidence index and verification aid, not a substitute for the official text or professional legal assessment.

Interpretation and limits for Canada

This official record identifies the substance as prohibited for cosmetic use in the stated market scope.

Do not rely on a formulation containing this identity until the cited source, effective date and exact substance match have been verified.

How to interpret the legal role

The authority uses this source as compliance guidance; the underlying legislation remains controlling.

Evidence on this page

  • Recorded outcome: Prohibited
  • Legal role: Official guidance
  • Source version: Health Canada Hotlist 2025-08-13

What it does not prove

The Hotlist is an administrative compliance tool, not an exhaustive safety approval list.

Further authoritative substance research

These sources can add identity, safety, exposure or hazard context. A link is not evidence that the database contains this exact substance, and none of these sources overrides the market decision above.

Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessments

Expert Panel conclusions, assessed ingredient groups, use conditions, dates and report documents

Independent expert review considered by FDA; not a government approval or binding market rule

Research this identity at the source

FDA Global Substance Registration System

UNII identifiers, preferred names, substance types, codes and public substance relationships

Identity registry only; UNII availability does not imply FDA review or approval

Research this identity at the source

ILO/WHO International Chemical Safety Cards

Hazards, symptoms, first aid, storage, incompatibilities and physical properties for covered chemicals

International occupational chemical-safety reference; not cosmetic-use approval

Research this identity at the source

Japan NITE-CHRIP

Chemical identity, Japanese and foreign legal lists, GHS hazards and exposure-related information

Chemical-management evidence; cosmetic status remains governed by the applicable MHLW standard and market rules

Research this identity at the source

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

REL, PEL, IDLH, properties, exposure routes, symptoms, target organs, first aid and measurement methods for covered workplace chemicals

US occupational-health guidance and limits; not a cosmetic ingredient decision

Research this identity at the source

OECD eChemPortal

Gateway to authority-owned physical-property, fate, ecotoxicity, toxicity, exposure and GHS records

Discovery gateway; each linked authority remains responsible for its data

Research this identity at the source

US EPA CompTox CTX APIs

API key required for import

DTXSID identity, experimental and predicted properties, toxicity, bioactivity, exposure and environmental data

Scientific and computational evidence; predictions must remain labelled and do not determine cosmetic legality

Research this identity at the source